Afterwards, given the consolidating data for a link between alcohol and cancer of colorectum and female breast ( Hamajima et al, 2002 Ferrari et al, 2007), these two sites were added to the above list in 2010 ( IARC Working Group, 2010). In the wake of the accumulating evidence on the carcinogenicity of alcohol ( Lamy, 1910 Martinez, 1969 Olsen et al, 1985 Trichopoulos et al, 1987), in 1988 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) listed alcohol among the carcinogens for oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, liver and larynx ( IARC Working Group, 1988). The first published exploratory study on the carcinogenic effect of alcohol dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when an excess of cancer mortality due to alcohol consumption was reported ( Newsholme, 1903).
In Europe, a large heterogeneity was observed in patterns and trends of alcohol consumption between countries ( Boniol and Autier, 2010 La Vecchia et al, 2014), with proportion of cancer cases attributable to alcohol varying accordingly ( Boffetta et al, 2006). With regard to cancer, alcohol consumption was estimated to have caused ∼500 000 cancer deaths worldwide in 2004 ( Rehm et al, 2009), and accounted for 4.4% of cancer deaths in China in 2005 ( Liang et al, 2010) and 3.5% in the United States in 2009 ( Nelson et al, 2013).
Alcohol is an established causal factor for cirrhosis of the liver, epilepsy, poisoning, road traffic accidents, violence and some types of cancer. It is estimated that alcohol is responsible for ∼2.5 million deaths each year and for 4.5% of the global burden of disease and injury ( World Health Organization, 2011).
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